Investigation on the exchange of incense and medicine along the Silk Road from the perspective of medical archaeology / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

From the perspective of medical archaeology, on the basis of sorting out the relevant archaeological findings, and starting from the diachronic nature of spice exchange, this paper divides the development of ancient Chinese fragrant drugs into the occurrence period (pre Qin), the development period (Qin and Han dynasties), the maturity period (Wei, Jin and Tang dynasties), the prosperity period (Song and Yuan dynasties), and the popularity period (Ming and Qing dynasties). The Silk Road has played a vital role in promoting the exchange of fragrant medicine culture. Since the opening of the Silk Road in the Han Dynasty, fragrant drugs from Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea have been imported into China. The exchange of fragrant medicine culture coincides with the development trend of the Silk Road. This kind of exchange has a two-way nature. While foreign fragrant drugs are continuously imported into China, Chinese medical concepts and technologies are also promoted abroad. The impact of the exchange has many effects. It has not only promoted the progress of medicine, but also promoted the friendly exchanges between China and foreign countries and the mutual dissemination of ideas and cultures, and greatly enriched the material and cultural life of the people of all countries.

La epidemiología, discurso y saber / Analysis of health systems as political systems

A partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, la dimensión del lenguaje y la palabra fue tomando un lugar central en las reflexiones filosóficas y políticas en diversos ámbitos (tanto en Europa como en América del norte y del sur). Entre ellos, en el campo de la medicina, tanto en su ejercicio clínico como en sus derivaciones de orden social: el campo de la salud pública, las intervenciones epidemiológicas, comunitarias, etc. Surgió una crítica a la hegemonía del pensamiento científico. Frente a eso, diversas propuestas desde otros campos del saberse fueron incorporando al debate en el campo teórico, y en el político. Un debate entre la ciencia y sus aplicaciones frente a otras perspectivas de saber. Eso dio lugar a diversas prácticas conocidas bajo diversos nombres: medicina social, nueva salud pública, anti psiquiatría, etc. (parte del desarrollo creciente del psicoanálisis se inscribe en este conjunto), todas ellas críticas con la hegemonía indiscutible hasta ese momento del positivismo científico, que se postulaba como el único saber válido .La perspectiva iniciada por Foucault, luego seguida por muchos otros pensadores e investigadores, abrió un cuestionamiento de esa hegemonía de las ciencias y una valoración de otras perspectivas de saber, no científicas, pero con una validez que se imponía en las prácticas sociales .El campo del saber, investigado mediante lo que denominó "arqueología del saber" analiza esa dialéctica, mediante la producción de una serie de teorías y conceptos precisos: discurso, enunciado, archivo, entre otros. Ciencia y saber aparecen entonces como prácticas diferenciadas, en una relación compleja y plena de controversias fundamentales. A todo ello se agrega la "genealogía del poder", una dimensión del poder y la política profundamente imbricada con el campo del saber, que permitió que los análisis de las prácticas se conmovieran y renovaran de forma radical. La propuesta foucaultiana concluye indagando en las posibilidades de lo que llama "saberes sometidos" de no ceder ante las explicaciones universalistas -propias de la ciencia-para dar cuenta de los procesos humanos. Propugna entonces un desarrollo de los discursos críticos, que frente a los saberes eruditos -propios de la ciencia y sus instituciones-puedan sostener la emergencia de un "saber histórico de las luchas".

Since the second half of the 20th century, the dimension of language and the word has been taking a central place in philosophical and political reflections in various fields (both in Europe and in North and South America). Among them, in the field of medicine, both in its clinical practice and in its social derivations: the field of public health, epidemiological and community interventions, etc. A criticism arose against the hegemony of scientific thought. In response to this, various proposals from other fields of knowledge were incorporated into the debate in the theoretical and political fields. A debate between science and its applications versus other perspectives of knowledge. This gave rise to various practices known under different names: social medicine, new public health, anti-psychiatry, etc. (part of the growing development of psychoanalysis is inscribed in this group), all of them critical of the undisputed hegemony up to that time of scientific positivism, which was postulated as the only valid knowledge.The perspective initiated by Foucault, then followed by many other thinkers and researchers, opened a questioning of this hegemony of the sciences and a valuation of other perspectives of knowledge, non-scientific, but with a validity that was imposed on social practices.The field of knowledge, investigated through what he called "archeology of knowledge", analyzes this dialectic through the production of a series of theories and precise concepts: discourse, enunciation, archive, among others. Science and knowledge appear then as differentiated practices, in a complex relationship full of fundamental controversies.To all this is added the "genealogy of power", a dimension of power and politics deeply intertwined with the field of knowledge, which allowed the analysis of practices to be radically moved and renewed.Foucault's proposal concludes with an inquiry into the possibilities of what he calls "subjected knowledges" of not yielding to universalist explanations -proper of science-in order to account for human processes. He then advocates a development of critical discourses, which, in the face of erudite knowledge ­proper to science and its institutions-can sustain the emergence of a "historical knowledge of struggles".

Notas sobre los factores naturales y culturales en el desarrollo sociopolítico prehispánico en el extremo noroeste de Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Introducción: El estudio interdisciplinario de los patrones de ocupación y desarrollo de la sociedad humana en tiempos prehispánicos es tenue en la zona del volcán Orosí. El contexto ambiental es usualmente descrito para ilustrar patrones de subsistencia, sin mayor propósito de establecer formas de relación con los cambios que se vislumbran en la composición sociopolítica de los pobladores. Objetivo: En este trabajo, se explora la posibilidad de ilustrar instancias de relación entre los cambios que detecta el registro arqueológico, con potenciales factores naturales y culturales, según se destacan en los aportes de otras disciplinas científicas. Métodos: Una muestra de 111 componentes culturales identificados en sitios arqueológicos fue examinada en cuanto a su localización geográfica en diversos ecosistemas y su posición cronológica, respecto de los períodos culturales definidos en la región de Guanacaste. Resultados: Los componentes arqueológicos se confrontan con diversos factores naturales y culturales que habría incidido como agentes de cambio. Se analizaron las instancias de relación y se valoraron sus efectos por períodos, cubriendo tiempos precerámicos y cerámicos. Conclusiones: Se identifica como agentes naturales de cambio a la calidad de suelos, el tipo de clima, pero, ante todo, destacan los procesos culturales como el intercambio de productos, desarrollo de la agricultura y los movimientos migratorios de la población.

Introduction: Interdisciplinary studies on ancient occupation patterns and the development of human society in the Orosí Volcano region are few. Environmental data are included in archaeological studies of specific sites, mainly to illustrate the likely availability of local subsistence resources, with little regard for biodiversity linked to altitude and an array of different geomorphic areas. Effects surging from volcanic activity and tectonics are largely dispensed. Incidence of all these natural phenomena is rarely considered as agents of sociopolitical changes. Objective: Herein a search is performed in order to detect and illustrate instances of the relationship between sociopolitical change detected by archaeology and diverse natural and cultural factors as described by other scientific disciplines. Methods: A sample of 111 cultural components in archaeological sites were examined in terms of their geographical location, ecological context and chronological position along the periods of the cultural sequence in the Guanacaste region. Results: As settlement models, the archaeological data are confronted with diverse natural and cultural factors looking for their potential incidence as agents for sociopolitical change. Instances of relationship are examined and their apparent effects are evaluated for each period, both in preceramic and ceramic times. Conclusions: Both soil quality and climate are identified as important factors for change and development. Yet, largely salient are distinct cultural factors, namely the exchange of products, agriculture and migration processes.

Phenotypic identification of soil bacterial and fungal communities inhabiting an archaeological monument at Augustine University, Ilara Epe, southwest Nigeria

Background: The Sungbo Eredo Monument is an ancient public work with a system of defensive walls and ditches located in Eredo Local Council Development Area of Epe, Lagos State, southwest Nigeria. A huge section of the monument cuts through the Augustine University campus, forming two-sided vertical walls with a deep ridge in-between. The objective of this investigative study is to determine the microbial profile of soil samples from the monument in the University campus. Methodology: Soil samples were collected from the topsoil at a depth of 7.5cm from four randomly selected points along the edge of the monument. The samples were transported to the microbiology laboratory of the Department of Biological Sciences of Augustine University for analysis. Samples were cultured on Nutrient agar (NA) and incubated aerobically for 24-48 hours for bacteria isolation and on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar (SDA) for 72 hours for fungi isolation. Bacterial colonies on NA were preliminarily identified to genus level by Gram reaction and conventional biochemical test scheme for Gram-positive (catalase, coagulase, starch hydrolysis) and Gram-negative isolates (oxidase, urease test, indole, methyl red, Voges Proskauer and sugar fermentation tests). Fungi colonies on SDA were identified using conventional macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility test of the bacterial isolates to selected antibiotics was done using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: A total of twenty-three bacterial isolates in four genera; Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Cellobiococcus and Micrococcus and nine fungal isolates in three genera; Saccharomyces, Aspergillus and Botrytis were identified from the cultures. The bacterial isolates were sensitive (>50% sensitivity) to only gentamicin and ofloxacin, with 65.2% and 78.3% sensitivity rates respectively, while they were largely resistant to all other antibiotics such as ceftriaxone, erythromycin, cefuroxime, cloxacillin, ceftazidime and augmentin, with resistance rates of 65.2%, 65.2%, 73.9%, 82.6%, 86.9%, 91.3% respectively. Conclusion: The results of this investigative study revealed the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (mainly Gram-positive) and fungi on the archaeological monument of Augustine University, adding to the existing data on microbial spectrum of archaeological monuments that could be useful for unraveling human cultural habits and microbe-related human diseases. However, further studies on molecular identification of these microbial spectrum will be required to ascertain their genetic relatedness and ancestral phylogeny, which will be useful for archaeologists in their study of the Sungbo-Eredo ancestral monument.

Las técnicas nucleares en un enfoque no invasivo para el estudio arqueométrico de bienes culturales cubanos / Nuclear techniques in a non-invasive approach to the archeometric study of Cuban cultural heritage

RESUMEN A propósito del 500 Aniversario de la Habana, presentamos una experiencia singular desarrollada en la Oficina del Historiador de la Ciudad, donde físicos nucleares y radio-químicos en un ambiente multidisciplinario en el Centro Histórico de la Habana, estudian sistemáticamente bienes culturales desde el Laboratorio de Arqueometría del Gabinete de Conservación y Restauración. Se presenta una revisión sobre nuestros estudios en el campo de la Arqueometría, en las que prevalece un enfoque no invasivo desde los inicios de esta experiencia, que incluye las técnicas nucleares como protagonistas principales, y se caracteriza por la diversidad de bienes culturales examinados. Las investigaciones realizadas comprenden desarrollo de tecnologías, de metodologías específicas para la caracterización o identificación de diferentes materiales y tipos de bienes culturales y metodologías generales dedicadas a responder interrogantes de interés para la Historia del Arte y la Arqueología o relacionadas con la conservación y restauración, para finalmente realizar los estudios arqueométricos o tratamientos de conservación no invasivos de bienes culturales cubanos. Una mayor parte de estas investigaciones se han realizado in situ en los museos o lugares donde estos objetos se conservan. En la discusión se enfatizan los análisis cualitativos y los cuantitativos y las validaciones realizadas, según los requerimientos del caso de estudio. En este artículo se abordan también otras experiencias validas sobre el tema en el ámbito de colaboraciones nacionales e internacionales.

ABSTRACT On the occasion of the 500th Anniversary of Havana, we present a singular experience in the Havana City Historian's Office, where nuclear physicists and radiochemists in a multidisciplinary environment in the historic center of Havana, systematically study cultural heritage, from the Archaeometry Laboratory of the Cabinet of Conservation and Restoration. A review of our studies in the field of Archaeometry is presented, in which a non-invasive approach prevails from the beginning of this experience, which includes nuclear techniques, as main protagonists and is characterized by the diversity of cultural heritage examined. The research carried out includes the development of technologies, specific methodologies for the characterization or identification of different materials and types of cultural heritage, and general methodologies dedicated to answer questions of interest for the History of Art and Archeology or related to conservation and restoration, for eventually perform the Archaeometry studies and non-invasive conservation treatments of Cuban cultural assets. Most of these investigations have been carried out in situ, in the museums or places where these objects are conserved. In the discussion, the qualitative and quantitative analysis, and the validations are emphasized, according to the requirements of the case study. This article also addresses other valid experiences on the subject in the field of national and international collaborations.

Peopling of India: Ancient DNA perspectives

To reconstruct and explain patterns of genetic diversity of modern humans, understanding their past and present geneticprofile is crucial. While genomes of contemporary people can provide information about present day population structure,analysis of ancient genomes may provide unprecedented insights about the past demographic events that have shaped thecontemporary gene pool. Population genetics has recently witnessed an explosion in studies on ancient human populationhistories, primarily from Europe and America. South Asia has no representation in the ancient genomics literature, despitethe wealth of archaeological richness in the form of human skeletal remains that exist in collections all over the country.Representing one-fifth of present day humanity calls for understanding the demographic history of south Asia not merely asa prerequisite but as an urgent need to understand its genetic variations on a global scale. Although the overall picture istaking form, new archaeological and genetic information from the region has started to reveal a more complex scenario ofancient human migrations and admixtures than was ever known before. In this article, we discuss a meaningful insight onthe current status of ancient DNA (aDNA) research in India. We have also summarized a few but important aDNA studies,which have been successfully carried out in India. Furthermore, we have highlighted the potential opportunity of aDNAresearch in the Indian subcontinent.

Trails, footprints, hoofprints SHEREEN RATNAGAR

This paper takes issue with the notion behind some genetic sampling of populations that there are autochthonous groups(designated tribal) in India, and that to give a group, its ‘anthropological name’ [sic] is valid. The archaeological and textualevidence of the earliest known Indo-Europeans and Indo-Iranians is given in bare outline. Possible trails of the Indo-Aryansof Iron-age South Asia are detected in archaeological records, immigration through mountains in the northwest with horsesand two-humped camels, and also incursions of small groups of horse-riders, from Vidarbha all the way south to the Tamilcountry

Archaeoparasitological Analysis of Samples from the Cultural Layer of Nadym Gorodok dated Back to the 14th-Late 18th Centuries

An archaeoparasitological analysis of the soil samples from Nadym Gorodok site of Western Siberia has been carried out in this study. The archaeological site was dated as the 13 to 18th century, being characterized as permafrost region ensuring good preservation of ancient parasite eggs. Parasite eggs as Opisthorchis felineus, Alaria alata, and Diphyllobothrium sp. were found in the archaeological soil samples, which made clear about the detailed aspects of Nadym Gorodok people's life. We found the Diphyllobothrium sp. eggs throughout the 14 to 18th century specimens, allowing us to presume that raw or undercooked fish might have been commonly used for the foods of Nadym Gorodok inhabitants and their dogs for at least the past 400 years. Our study on Nadym Gorodok specimens also demonstrate that there might have been migratory interactions and strong economic ties between the people and society in Western Siberia, based on archaeoparasitological results of Opisthorchis felineus in Western Siberia.

Confusing a Pollen Grain with a Parasite Egg: an Appraisal of “Paleoparasitological Evidence of Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis) Infection in a Female Adolescent Residing in Ancient Tehran”

There is often the risk of confusing pollen grains with helminth eggs from archaeological sites. Thousands to millions of pollen grains can be recovered from archaeological burial sediments that represent past ritual, medication and environment. Some pollen grain types can be similar to parasite eggs. Such a confusion is represented by the diagnosis of enterobiasis in ancient Iran. The authors of this study confused a joint-pine (Ephedra spp.) pollen grain with a pinworm egg. This paper describes the specific Ephedra pollen morphology that can be confused with pinworm eggs.

A arqueologia da psicodinâmica do trabalho no Brasil / The archeology of work psychodynamics in Brazil

O objetivo do texto é apresentar dados que constituíram a arqueologia da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho no Brasil. Metodologia: foram realizadas 16 entrevistas individuais com Dejours e outros pesquisadores brasileiros que contribuíram para a introdução e disseminação dela no país e que adotam a abordagem em suas pesquisas. Para as entrevistas, considerou-se como critério o levantamento dos pesquisadores que estiveram no CNAM e os componentes do GT (Grupo de Trabalho em Psicodinâmica do Trabalho) da ANPEPP (Associação Nacional de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa no Brasil). Os resultados são apresentados considerando quatro aspectos: as raízes da Psicodinâmica do Trabalho no Brasil; a expansão da Psicodinâmica no Brasil; divergências e convergências entre contexto francês e brasileiro; e críticas e limitações em relação à Psicodinâmica do Trabalho. Seguem as considerações finais.

The purpose of the text is to present data that constituted the archeology of work psychodynamics in Brazil. Methodology: individual interviews were conducted with Dejours and 16 Brazilian researchers who contributed to the introduction and dissemination of it in the country and researchers that currently use this regard in their researches. For the interviews, the survey had considered as a criteria the researchers that had been in the CNAM and the components of the GT (working group) on Psychodynamics of the work of Anpepp (National Association of Postgraduate and Research in Brazil). Results are presented considering four aspects: the roots of the Psychodynamics in Brazil; the expansion of the Psychodynamic in Brazil; divergences and convergences between the French and Brazilian context; and critics and limits concerning the Psychodynamics. Afterwards conclusions are presented.

Julio Tello as a medical anthropologist: assessing the antiquity of syphilis in ancient Peru / Julio Tello como antropólogo médico: examinando la antigüedad de la sífilis en el antiguo Perú

Abstract This paper explores the methods used by Julio Tello to address the antiquity of syphilis in ancient Peru, examining his thesis La antigüedad de la sífilis en el antiguo Perú to understand the logic behind the procedures he used to test his hypothesis. The contention presented here is that despite being a medical thesis, his text can actually be considered an exploration of the origins of syphilis using a truly anthropological method, making Tello a pioneer in the subfield of medical anthropology in the Andes.

Resumen Este artículo analiza el método utilizado por Julio Tello en la investigación de la antigüedad de la sífilis en el antiguo Perú, examinando su tesis La antigüedad de la sífilis en el antiguo Perú, con la finalidad de comprender la lógica detrás de los procedimientos utilizados para evaluar su hipótesis. A pesar de ser una tesis en medicina, el trabajo de Tello puede ser considerado como un trabajo en el cual se utiliza el método antropológico en la evaluación del origen de la sífilis, convirtiéndose Tello en un pionero en el campo de la antropología médica en los Andes.

The Two Medical Prescriptions Treating Miscellaneous Diseases Written in Tangut Script Excavated from Heishui City / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective]To discuss the medical development situation of Tangut and the medicine cultural communication and fusion of the Central Plains, it decoded the medical prescriptions treating miscellaneous diseases in Heishui town. [Methods]It is done by arranging, decoding and translating the excavated Heishui town Tangut script which treats the people who can't swallow food and the pharyngitis and treats the constipation of men and women. Besides it can connect with the medical theory of Central Plains to discuss from the pathology dosage and eating aspects. [Results]The two medical prescriptions of Tangut which treating miscellaneous diseases are imbued with strong folk features. So it should be recorded by Tangut doctor. [Conslusion]Most of the Tangut medical pathology come from the traditional Chinese medicine theory. But it also has its own uniqe national features. So the medical culture of Central Plains has a deep influence on other peripheral ethnomedicine.

Os saberes "PSI" no diagnóstico de história da loucura de Michel Foucault / "PSI" knowledge in Foucault’s history of madness diagnosis / Los saberes "PSI" en el diagnóstico de locura y civilizaciónde Michel Foucault

Investigaremos a primeira arqueologia realizada por Foucault, História da loucura, onde se encontram mobilizados expedientes teóricos para uma problematização histórico-filosófica dos saberes da radical "psi".Esta obra elabora uma perspectiva extra científica de saberes modernos como psicologia, psiquiatria e psicanálise, na qual eles emergem estruturados sobre um "postulado antropológico" que, segundo o diagnóstico filosófico de Foucault, lhes impõe limites e apontaria para o seu esgotamento na contemporaneidade. Faremos uma leitura detida de alguns conceitos e recortes efetuados pelo arqueólogo, com o objetivo de explicitar o plano de construção desta problematização, suas operações principais e o modo pelo qual as estratégias empregadas se articulam para compor o referido diagnóstico do presente.

We investigate the first archaeology elaborated by Foucault, history of madness, where we can find theoretical expedients mobilized for an historical philosophical problematization of the modern "psi" knowledge. This work elaborates an extra scientific perspective of knowledges such as psychology, psychiatry and psychoanalysis, where they emerge structured on an "anthropologcal postulate" which, according to the foucauldianphylosophical diagnosis, imposes to them limits and points at their exhaustion in contemporaneity. We will proceed on a careful reading of some concepts and cuttings made by the archaeologist, aiming at the explicitation of the problematization plan, its main operations and how the strategies used are articulated to compose the mentioned diagnosis of the present.

Investigamos la primera arqueología realizada por Foucault, Locura y civilización, donde se encuentran movilizados dispositivos teóricos para un cuestionamiento histórico-filosófico del conocimiento de radical "psi". Este trabajo desarrolla una perspectiva extra científica de estos conocimientos modernos, como la psicología, la psiquiatría y el psicoanálisis, en el que surgen estructurados sobre un "postulado antropológico" que, de acuerdo con el diagnóstico filosófico de Foucault, les imponen límites y apunta a su agotamiento en la actualidad. Vamos a hacer una lectura atenta de algunos conceptos y enfoques realizados por el arqueólogo, con el fin de explicar el plan de construcción de este cuestionamiento, sus operaciones principales y la forma en que las estrategias empleadas están vinculadas a componer el dicho diagnóstico.

Age prediction in the adult based on the pulp-to-tooth ratio in lower third molars: a cone-beam CT study / Predicción de edad en el adulto basada en la proporción pulpa-a-diente en terceros molares inferiores: un estudio por TC de haz de cono

Estimation of age-at-death is an integral part of the identification process of individuals in many forensic odontology cases where their identity cannot be determined by visualization or other ways. Dental age estimation in the adult is more challenging as most of the dentition is completely developed by 18 years of age. This study employs a mesio-distal (MD) pulp-to-tooth ratio taken at the neck of lower third molars (LM3) to provide an estimation of age at the time of radiographic imaging based on the well-known fact that pulp volume tends to decrease with advancing age due to continued apposition of secondary dentine throughout adulthood. A total of 155 Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiographs of LM3s for a random sample of 155 Jordanian Arabs (80 females, 75 males; age range= 18-58 years, mean age= 28.2 years, SD =10.0 years) were used. Both pulp and tooth MD diameters were measured at the neck. MD pulp-to-tooth ratios for LM3s were linearly regressed against age. Statistically significant negative association was found between an individual's age at the time of imaging and the MD pulp-to-tooth ratio taken at the neck. Specifically, the strength of the association is r= -0.361, which means only 13.0 % of the variation in age can be explained by the MD pulp-to-tooth ratio taken at the neck. Therefore, it was concluded that MD pulp-to-tooth ratio taken at the neck of LM3s is not a reliable predictor of chronological age in adults, possibly due to the large variation in the timing of LM3 development.

La estimación de la edad es una parte integral del proceso de identificación de los individuos, en muchos casos en odontología forense donde la identidad no puede ser determinada por visualización u otras formas. La estimación de la edad dental en el adulto es aún más difícil ya que la mayor parte de la dentición se desarrolla completamente a los 18 años de edad. Este estudio emplea una relación mesio-distal (MD) de pulpa a diente tomada a nivel del cuello de los terceros molares inferiores (LM3) para proporcionar una estimación de la edad en el momento de la imagen radiográfica basada en que el volumen de pulpa tiende a disminuir con el avance de la edad debido a la continua posición de la dentina secundaria a lo largo de la edad adulta. Se examinaron un total de 155 radiografías de LM3 en una muestra aleatoria de 155 árabes jordanos (80 mujeres, 75 varones), rango de edad = 18-58 años, edad media = 28,2 años, DE = 10,0 años. Específicamente, la fuerza de la asociación es r=0,361, lo que significa que sólo el 13,0 % de la variación en la edad puede explicarse por la proporción pulpa-a-diente.

Redução da idade penal, tecnologias de informação e maturidade: questões à psicologia / On the relations between information, maturity, and reduction of the age of criminal responsibility in Brazil / Sobre las relaciones entre información, madurez y reducción de la edad penal en Brasil

Nesse artigo, discutimos como as propostas de redução da idade penal no Brasil relacionam a expansão das tecnologias de informação e dos meios de comunicação de massa a uma mudança de maturidade dos jovens. A partir da arqueologia proposta por Michel Foucault, analisamos as Propostas de Emenda Constitucional apresentadas pela Câmara de Deputados entre os anos de 1993 e 2013. Os discursos produzidos por esses materiais atrelam meios de comunicação e tecnologias de informação com um amadurecimento psíquico precoce dos jovens e um maior grau de discernimento. Assim, propõem um deslocamento do critério cronológico de imputabilidade para a avaliação técnica da maturidade, convocando especialistas a subsidiarem decisões judiciais. Concluímos que, a partir dos efeitos de processos sociais, como o acesso à informação, os documentos propõem mais individualização das formas de punição sobre os jovens, implicando em embates políticos e éticos sobre a atuação da Psicologia nesse contexto.

This paper discusses how the proposals to reduce the age of criminal responsibility in Brazil link the expansion of information technologies and the mass media to a change in maturity of young people. Applying the archaeological method of Michel Foucault we analyze the constitutional amendment proposals presented by the country's Chamber of Deputies between 1993 and 2013. The discourses produced by these materials associate the media and information technologies with an early psychic maturation of young people and a greater degree of judgment. Thus, they propose a shift of chronological criteria for accountability in the technical evaluation of maturity, summoning experts to support judgments. We arrive at the conclusion that from the effects of social processes, such as access to information, the documents propose more individualization of forms of punishment on young people, implying political and ethical conflicts about the role of psychology in this context.

En este artículo discutimos cómo las propuestas de reducción de la edad penal en Brasil relacionan la expansión de las tecnologías de la información y de los medios de comunicación con un cambio de madurez de los jóvenes. A partir de la arqueología propuesta por Michel Foucault analizamos las Propuestas de Enmienda a la Constitución presentadas por la Cámara de Diputados entre los años 1993 y 2013. Los discursos producidos por estos materiales vinculan medios de comunicación y tecnologías de la información a una maduración psíquica precoz de los jóvenes y un mayor grado de discernimiento. Por lo tanto, proponen un desplazamiento del criterio cronológico de imputabilidad para la evaluación técnica de la madurez, convocando a expertos para subsidiar juicios. Llegamos a la conclusión de que a partir de los efectos de los procesos sociales, como el acceso a la información, los documentos proponen más individualización de las formas de castigo hacia los jóvenes, implicando embates políticos y éticos sobre la actuación de la Psicología en este contexto.

Ancient Human Parasites in Ethnic Chinese Populations

Whilst archaeological evidence for many aspects of life in ancient China is well studied, there has been much less interest in ancient infectious diseases, such as intestinal parasites in past Chinese populations. Here, we bring together evidence from mummies, ancient latrines, and pelvic soil from burials, dating from the Neolithic Period to the Qing Dynasty, in order to better understand the health of the past inhabitants of China and the diseases endemic in the region. Seven species of intestinal parasite have been identified, namely roundworm, whipworm, Chinese liver fluke, oriental schistosome, pinworm, Taenia sp. tapeworm, and the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski. It was found that in the past, roundworm, whipworm, and Chinese liver fluke appear to have been much more common than the other species. While roundworm and whipworm remained common into the late 20th century, Chinese liver fluke seems to have undergone a marked decline in its prevalence over time. The iconic transport route known as the Silk Road has been shown to have acted as a vector for the transmission of ancient diseases, highlighted by the discovery of Chinese liver fluke in a 2,000 year-old relay station in northwest China, 1,500 km outside its endemic range.

Pesquisa-intervenção e direitos humanos. Apontamentos arqueológicos e genealógicos na análise de documentos / Research intervention and human rights. Archaeological and genealogical notes on the analysis of documents / Intervención de investigación y los derechos humanos. Notas arqueologicas y genealogicas en el analisis de los documentos

Neste artigo, pretende-se realizar uma descrição de algumas ferramentas de análise de documentos, na pesquisa-intervenção em direitos humanos. Traz-se a contribuição de Michel Foucault, Paul Veyne, Gilles Deleuze, Arlete Farge, Le Goff e Chartier para conversarem conosco nessa narrativa operadora de tramas históricas. Focalizam-se os arquivos orais, como as entrevistas; escritos, como os diários de campo, formulários, declarações, planos de trabalho, projetos e programas, cartas, cartazes, leis, livros; em formato de imagens, como fotos, pinturas, caricaturas; em prontuários de equipamentos em que funcionam políticas de atenção; em formato de construções arquitetônicas; arquivos artísticos, tais como músicas, danças, performances e as marcas corporais, que trazem as histórias de vida. Busca-se apresentar linhas e pistas que formam um dispositivo analítico de práticas concretas com a paciência do genealogista e do arquivista, além de fazer ranger a perspectiva diagramática da cartografia.

This article offers a description of a toolbox for discourse analysis in research-intervention in human rights. We enmesh contributions by Michel Foucault, Paul Veyne, Gilles Deleuze, Arlete Farge, Jacques Le Goff and Émile Chartier into a conversation within the operative narrative of the weave of history. We focus on a variety of historical source materials: oral documentary, such as interviews; written texts, such as field diaries, printed forms, work plans, projects and programs, letters, posters, legal papers, books; images, such as photographs, paintings, caricatures; equipment operator records which reveal workplace safety practices; and artistic documentary materials such as songs, dances, performances and body marks which convey the stories of life. With the patience of the genealogist or the archivist, we seek to present lines and pathways that create an analytical assemblage (dispositif) of concrete practices while going against the grain of the diagrammatic perspective of cartography.

En este artículo, nos proponemos llevar a cabo una descripción de algunas de las herramientas para el análisis de documentos de investigación de la intervención en materia de derechos humanos. Abre la aportación de Michel Foucault, Paul Veyne, Gilles Deleuze, Arlete Farge, Le Goff y Chartier para hablar con nosotros en este relato teje operador histórico. Archivos orales, tales como entrevistas, escritos como el diario de campo declaraciones formas funcionan los planes, proyectos y programas, cartas, carteles, las leyes, los libros, en las imágenes, como fotografías, pinturas, dibujos animados, formato de los registros de los equipos las polí- ticas de atención que trabajan, en los edificios de la forma arquitectónica, archivos artísticos tales como canciones, danzas, performances y marcas en el cuerpo que traen las historias a la vida. Tratamos de ofrecer líneas y los carriles que forman un dispositivo analítico prácticas específicas de la paciencia de genealogista y archivero.

Human Skeletal Remains from Ancient Burial Sites in India: With Special Reference to Harappan Civilization / 체질인류학회지

Harappan Civilization is well known for highly sophisticated urban society, having been flourished in extensive regions of northwestern part of Pakistan and northeastern part of Afghanistan as its heyday around 4500 years ago. Most archaeologists agree on the periodization of this civilization as three different phases (Early, Mature and Late), which represent its cultural process of origin, development and decline. From the Harappan sites, one can note that there were about more than fifty burial sites discovered so far related with the civilization. In this article, we are trying to introduce the brief picture of the Harappan burials from the archaeological as well as anthropological perspectives.